Going the extra mile … post

Before the days of odometers, satnav, GPS and TomTom, travellers could only measure distances travelled by looking at the numbers marked on signposts along the way. (In fact, the less gadget-obsessed amongst us – like me! – still do.)

Here in Britain, the original mileposts were milestones – actual stones, laid by the Romans to mark every one thousandth double-step, which was their way of calculating distance. The Latin for thousand was mille, hence the word ‘milestone’. Though one thousand Roman double steps equated roughly to 1618 yards, the eventual British standard measurement for a mile was 1760 yards. Maybe the British had longer strides!

According to the Mile Stone Society, there are around 9000 waymarkers still surviving around Britain, though many thousands more have been lost to thieves, collisions with cars, destruction by hedge-cutters, or removal during the Second World War, when the intention was to confuse the Germans if they invaded. The notion of reaching a significant point along the road has, of course, led to our more modern idea of a milestone as an important event or stage in life, progress or development.

Since moving to Cardiff, I’ve been gratified to see that many of the old mileposts still exist and that most are listed structures, so protected from destruction, though some have been moved in the course of road widening and motorway building. Because of their status I’ve managed to locate several posts by searching the British Listed Buildings (BLB) website and have walked many a mile to photograph them. These are they … and more may follow in the future as I continue to roam the roads and trails of my newly adopted country.

1) Westgate and Castle St corner   

We start first near the centre of Cardiff, with one in a series of mileposts that mark points along the route of what is now the A48, a road that was once the principal route between the south-west of England and south Wales (the construction of the Severn Bridge in 1966 changed the course of that link somewhat).

Made of moulded cast iron in a rather ornate style, this milepost has survived remarkably well when you consider it is 180 years old and located near the centre of a busy city.

2) 240 Cowbridge Rd East  

One mile down the road we come to the second in this series along the western section of the A48. The style is the same as the previous milepost but, as you can see, in that short distance we have moved from Cardiff town to ‘Landaff Parish’ (now known by its Welsh spelling, Llandaff), and further away from London.

3) A48 near Gabalfa interchange  

Next we cross town, and the River Taff, to find a milepost that now sits adjacent to the Gabalfa interchange on a slip road that gives access to the eastern section of the A48, here called Eastern Avenue. According to the BLB website, this post is ‘shown on the Ordnance Survey [map] of 1880’ and ‘was located at the junction of two important routes out of Cardiff, Merthyr Road and Caerphilly Road.’

4) West boundary wall of Lidl supermarket car park,
Caerphilly Rd  

What a wonderful find these two stones were at the end of quite a long walk! Though differing in design from the previous mileposts, the newer one (on the left above) almost certainly dates from around the same time, the early 1830s, and was erected when improvements were made to the road that ran from Cardiff through Caerphilly to Merthyr.

The stone – literally, a stone – (shown in close up here to the left) probably dates from the late 1700s and, though I couldn’t read the inscription, it appears to mark the same route as its more modern neighbour. 

The BLB website notes that both stones have been re-sited, as they appeared in a more northerly position on an 1898 OS map.

How marvellous that both have survived.

5) 273 Cowbridge Rd East  

We return now to Cowbridge Road East, in Canton, as this milepost (in the photograph at right) is located between numbers one and two above. (Don’t be mislead by the street number; they are simply more numerous on this side of the road.) 

This milepost is not one of the A48 series, however. It has been moved from its original position and is one of a series that mark the Cardiff-Llantrisant turnpike. Though it is undated, it was probably erected in the early to mid nineteenth century.

6) Cardiff Rd, Llandaff

The milepost shown below is the second in the Cardiff-Llantrisant series and is located near the entrance to Llandaff village, the historic ‘city within a city’ as the locals say. The BLB website provides some interesting additional information for this entry:

The turnpike toll-house stood at the junction of the Llantrisant Road with Bridge Road in Llandaff, about 500m north. The toll-house was demolished in the late C19. The milepost was sited in its present position when Cardiff Road was widened at the junction with Western Avenue in 1976.

7) Albany Road, Roath

This last milepost was a bonus find when I was out walking one day, as it isn’t included on the BLB website. Yet, just like several of those above, it is a cast-iron milepost with a flat back, canted faces and top, so probably also dates from the 1830s. It has suffered a little damage over the years, with either a four or a two missing from the mileage shown on the top.

As you can see, the sizes and shapes of these old mileposts vary quite considerably but their functions are the same. And I’m sure that in the days of hot dusty journeys in bum-numbing horse-drawn coaches along bumpy pot-holed roads, both the coachmen and their passengers would have been very glad indeed to see that final post that read ‘Cardiff 1'!

It’s a sign: England, part three

I am blessed with inquisitiveness. I don’t recall being the child who always asked ‘Why?’ but I have become the adult who very often asks ‘What is it?’. When I come across something I don’t know anything about, don’t understand, or find interesting or unusual, I’m always motivated to investigate.

$-type symbol on gravestones

So, when I saw how frequently this symbol – what I had visually imagined as the ‘triple dollar’ sign – appeared on the gravestones of the local churches, I had to investigate further. (As a genealogist, I have something of a fascination with graveyards.)  

Of course, it’s got nothing to do with money – all these folks weren’t memorialising the fact that they’d been wealthy during their lifetimes. Rather than a ‘triple dollar’, the symbol is made up of the three letters I, H and S superimposed one upon the other, and the letters abbreviate the Latin phrase In hoc signo vince. This translates as ‘In this sign you will conquer’ and refers to a vision experienced by Roman General Constantine. His sighting of these words, and a vibrant cross, above the sun were interpreted as a positive omen for a forthcoming battle so he had the ‘Chi Rho’ symbol painted on his soldiers’ shields. Constantine won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge against Maxentius to become supreme ruler of Rome, and Christianity was subsequently legalised in Rome though, interestingly, Constantine himself wasn’t baptised until on his death bed.

Country Landowners Association Farm Buildings Award

I found this sign while exploring some of my favourite paths in and around the estate at Arley Hall. Starting in the early 1970s the Country Landowners’ Association (now renamed the Country Land and Business Association, though still using the abbreviation CLA) ran a biannual Farm Buildings Award scheme ‘to recognise excellence in farm buildings, structures which give the farmer what he needs to run his farm business easily and efficiently, but which also blend with the surrounding farmstead and with the countryside itself’ (as reported in the Glasgow Herald, 20 February 1987).

In the 1990s, when the trend for converting old farm buildings to non-agricultural and residential use really took hold, the scheme’s name changed to the Countryside Buildings Award, reflecting the fact that there had been ‘more entries for the conversion of old farm buildings to new uses than for the erection of totally new farm buildings’.    

The scheme changed again in 2002 to the Country Land and Business Association Farm and Rural Buildings Award Scheme – a bit of a mouthful! – and the last mention I found of it was in 2008, when it had morphed into the Rural Buildings Award Scheme. So, what fascinates me about this one small sign, located at the Arley Moss Equestrian Centre, is how it gives a small indication of the evolving uses of, support for and attitudes towards traditional and modern farm buildings over the years.

Old AA sign at Lower Whitley

The Automobile Association (the AA) was formed in London in 1905 by a group of like-minded motoring enthusiasts, initially with the aim of championing ‘the cause of the motorist and particularly to help motorists avoid police speed traps’ – my emphasis, their anti-police intentions! 

By 1939, the AA’s membership had mushroomed to 725,000 and, as well as providing trusty patrolmen to fix that pesky broken-down vehicle and producing guide books advising which hotels to stay at during your long car journeys, the organisation had erected thousands of direction, village, roadside danger and warning signs. The village sign shown here, found at Lower Whitley in Cheshire, was probably erected more than 80 years ago and, like others found scattered throughout Britain, is a wonderful salute to the AA’s contribution to British motoring. I particularly like its emphasis on ‘Safety First’!

Milestone near Great Budworth

Amazingly, although almost every old man-made construction in and around the village of Great Budworth is heritage listed, this milestone is not. The original milestones were actual stones, laid by the Romans to mark every one thousandth double-step, their way of calculating distance. The Latin for thousand was mille, hence the word ‘milestone’. Though one thousand Roman double steps equated roughly to 1618 yards, the eventual British standard measurement for a mile was 1760 yards.

This particular milestone dates from 1896 and is made of cast iron. According to the Milestone Society, it is one of around 9000 waymarkers that still survive in the UK, though many thousands more have been lost to thieves, collisions with car, destruction by hedge-cutters, or removal during the Second World War in order to baffle the Germans if they invaded. The notion of reaching a significant point along the road has, of course, led to our more modern idea of a milestone as an important event or stage in life, progress or development.

Fingerposts in north Cheshire

Another common waymarker to be found in the UK is the fingerpost (also known as a guide post.). These post were usually made from cast iron or wood, their poles were painted in black and white, and the fingers showed village names and the distances to them painted in black on a white base.

Although the earliest still-existing fingerpost in the UK, near Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire, dates from 1669, it wasn’t until the Highways Act of 1766 and the Turnpike Roads Act of 1773 that fingerposts on turnpike roads were made compulsory. Following the introduction of the standardised Traffic Signs Regulations in 1964, local councils were initially encouraged to remove traditional fingerposts like those shown here. Luckily, many did not, and the existing old-style waymarkers are now recognised for their historic value and, supposedly, maintained by the local councils. I think the Cheshire Councils need a little reminder of their responsibilities!